References

Berner, J., G. Shutts, M. Leutbecher, and T. Palmer, 2009: A spectral stochastic kinetic energy backscatter scheme and its impact on flow- dependent predictability in the ECMWF ensemble prediction system. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 603–626, doi:10.1175/2008JAS2677.1

Gehne, M., T. Hamill, G. Bates, P. Pegion, W. Kolczynski 2019: Land-surface parameter and state perturbations in the Global Ensemble Forecast System. Mon. Wea. Rev. 147, 1319–1340 doi:10.1175/MWR-D-18-0057.1

Palmer, T. N., R. Buizza, F. Doblas-Reyes, T. Jung, M. Leutbecher, G. J. Shutts,M. Steinheimer, and A.Weisheimer, 2009: Stochastic parametrization and model uncertainty. ECMWF Tech. Memo. 598, 42 pp doi:10.21957/ps8gbwbdv

Tompkins, A. M., and J. Berner, 2008: A stochastic convective approach to account for model uncertainty due to unresolved humidity variability. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D18101, doi:10.1029/2007JD009284